Ubume bokuhlaziya izinto ze-polyurethane e-China
I-1, iplanti yokuvelisa i-polyurethane iya kuvelisa inani elikhulu lezinto ezilahliweyo minyaka le, ngenxa yokuxinana, kulula ukuphinda isetyenziswe.Uninzi lwezityalo zisebenzisa iindlela ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zokuphinda zisetyenziswe ukuze ziphinde zisebenzise izinto ezilahliweyo.
2. Inkunkuma ye-polyurethane imathiriyeli esetyenziswa ngabathengi ayikahlaziywa kakuhle.Kukho amashishini athile asebenza kunyango lwenkunkuma ye-polyurethane e-China, kodwa uninzi lwawo lutshiswe kakhulu kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe ngokwasemzimbeni.
I-3, kukho iiyunivesithi ezininzi kunye namaziko ophando ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, azinikele ekujongeni i-polyurethane chemical kunye ne-biological recycling technology, epapashwe iziphumo ezithile zemfundo.Kodwa ngokwenyani ifakwe kusetyenziso olukhulu lwabambalwa kakhulu, iJamani iH&S yenye yazo.
I-4, ukuhlelwa kwenkunkuma yasekhaya yase-China kusandul 'ukuqala, kwaye ukuhlelwa kokugqibela kwezixhobo ze-polyurethane kuphantsi, kwaye kunzima kumashishini ukuba aqhubeke nokufumana inkunkuma ye-polyurethane ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona kunye nokusetyenziswa.Unikezelo olungazinzanga lwenkunkuma yenza kube nzima ukuba amashishini asebenze.
5. Akukho mgangatho wokutshaja ocacileyo wokurisayikilishwa kunye nokunyangwa kwenkunkuma enkulu.Umzekelo, oomatrasi benziwe nge-polyurethane, ukugqunywa kwefriji, njl.njl., ngokuphuculwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye namatyathanga oshishino, amashishini okurisayikilisha anokufumana umvuzo omkhulu.
I-6, u-Huntsman wasungula indlela yokubuyisela iibhotile zeplastiki ze-PET, emva kwenkqubo engqongqo yokucubungula, kwiyunithi yokusabela kweekhemikhali kunye nezinye izinto ezisabela ngayo ukuvelisa iimveliso ze-polyester polyol, izithako zemveliso ukuya kuma-60% ukusuka kwiibhotile zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo ze-PET, kunye ne-polyester. i-polyol isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imathiriyeli ye-polyurethane enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezikrwada.Okwangoku, u-Huntsman unokuphinda asebenzise i-1 bhiliyoni ye-500ml yeebhotile zeplastiki ze-PET ngonyaka, kwaye kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, iibhotile zeplastiki ze-PET ezizibhiliyoni ezi-5 ziguqulelwe kwiitoni ze-130,000 zeemveliso ze-polyol ukuveliswa kwezinto zokugquma i-polyurethane.
Ukurisayikilisha ngokwasemzimbeni
Le ndlela yeyona teknoloji isetyenziswayo yokurisayikilisha.I-foam ye-polyurethane ethambileyo ihlanjululwa kwiisentimitha ezininzi zamaqhekeza ngesityuli, kwaye i-adhesive ye-polyurethane esebenzayo ifafazwe kumxube.I-adhesives esetyenziswayo ngokubanzi i-polyurethane foam indibaniselwano okanye i-terminal NCO-based prepolymers esekelwe kwi-polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate (PAPI).Xa i-PAPI-based adhesives isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa kunye nokwenza, ukuxutywa kwe-steam nako kungaqhutyelwa kuyo. Kwinkqubo yokudibanisa inkunkuma ye-polyurethane, yongeza i-90% yenkunkuma ye-polyurethane, i-10% yokunamathela, udibanise ngokulinganayo, unokongeza inxalenye yedayi, kwaye emva koko ucinezele umxube.
I-Thermosetting polyurethane foam ethambileyo kunye neemveliso ze-RIM polyurethane zineqondo elithile leplastiki ethambileyo yobushushu kuluhlu lobushushu obuyi-100-200℃.Ngaphantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, inkunkuma ye-polyurethane inokudityaniswa kunye ngaphandle kokunamathela.Ukuze wenze imveliso ehlaziyiweyo ifane ngakumbi, inkunkuma idla ngokutyunyuzwa ize ifudunyezwe kwaye icinezelwe.
I-polyurethane i-foam ethambileyo inokujikwa ibe ngamasuntswana alungileyo ngokusila ubushushu obuphantsi okanye inkqubo yokusila, kwaye ukusasazeka kwale nxalenye yongezwa kwi-polyol, esetyenziselwa ukwenza i-polyurethane foam okanye ezinye iimveliso, kungekuphela nje ukubuyisela inkunkuma ye-polyurethane, kodwa. kwakhona ukunciphisa ngempumelelo iindleko zeemveliso.Isiqulatho somgubo ocoliweyo kwi-MDI esekwe ukubanda okunyanga i-polyurethane igwebu elithambileyo lilinganiselwe kwi-15%, kwaye ubuninzi be-25% yomgubo ocoliweyo unokongezwa kwi-TDI esekelwe kwi-foam yokunyanga eshushu.
Ukurisayikilisha kweMichiza
I-Diol hydrolysis yenye yeendlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zokubuyisela imichiza.Phambi kwee-diols ezincinci ze-molecular (ezifana ne-ethylene glycol, i-propylene glycol, i-diethylene glycol) kunye ne-catalysts (i-amines ephezulu, i-alcoholamine okanye i-organometallic compounds), i-polyurethanes (amagwebu, i-elastomers, iimveliso ze-RIM, njl. 200°C iiyure ezininzi ukufumana iipolyols ezihlaziyiweyo.Iipolyols ezisetyenzisiweyo zingaxutywa kunye neepolyols ezintsha zokwenziwa kwemathiriyeli ye-polyurethane.
Amagwebu e-polyurethane anokuguqulwa kwiipolyols zokuqala ezithambileyo kunye neepolyols eziqinileyo nge-amination.I-Amolysis yinkqubo apho i-polyurethane foam isabela nge-amines ngexesha loxinzelelo kunye nokufudumala.I-amines esetyenzisiweyo iquka i-dibutylamine, i-ethanolamine, i-lactam okanye i-lactam admixture, kwaye ukusabela kunokwenziwa kumaqondo okushisa angaphantsi kwe-150 ° C. Imveliso yokugqibela ayifuni ukuhlanjululwa kwe-foam ye-polyurethane elungiselelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwaye inokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo i-polyurethane elungiselelwe ukusuka ekuqaleni. ipolyol.
I-Dow Chemical yazisa inkqubo yokubuyisela imichiza ye-amine hydrolysis.Inkqubo inamanyathelo amabini: inkunkuma ye-polyurethane ibolile ibe yi-aminoester ephezulu, i-urea, i-amine kunye ne-polyol nge-alkylolamine kunye ne-catalyst;Emva koko i-alkylation reaction iqhutyelwa ukususa i-amines enukayo kwizinto ezifunyenweyo, kwaye iipolyols ezinomsebenzi omhle kunye nombala okhanyayo zifunyenwe.Indlela inokubuyisela iintlobo ezininzi ze-polyurethane foam, kwaye i-polyol efunyenweyo ingasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezininzi zemathiriyeli ye-polyurethane.Inkampani ikwasebenzisa inkqubo yokurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali ukuze ifumane iipolyoli eziphinda zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ze-RRIM, ezinokuthi ziphinde zisetyenziswe ukuphucula iinxalenye ze-RIM ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30%.
Indlela yeHydrolysis - I-Sodium hydroxide ingasetyenziswa njenge-hydrolysis catalyst ukubola amaqamza athambileyo e-polyurethane kunye namaqamza aqinileyo ukuvelisa iipolyols kunye ne-amine intermediates, ezisetyenziswa njengezinto eziphinda zisetyenziswe ekrwada.
I-alkalolysis: i-polyether kunye ne-alkali ye-hydroxide yesinyithi zisetyenziswa njengee-arhente zokubola, kwaye iikhabhonathi ziyasuswa emva kokubola kwegwebu ukubuyisela ii-polyols kunye ne-diamines enevumba elimnandi.
Inkqubo yokudibanisa i-alcoalysis kunye ne-amolysis - i-polyether polyol, i-potassium hydroxide kunye ne-diamine zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokubola, kwaye i-carbonate solids iyasuswa ukufumana i-polyether polyol kunye ne-diamine.Ukubola kwamaqamza anzima akunakuhlukaniswa, kodwa i-polyether efunyenwe ngokusabela kwepropylene oxide ingasetyenziselwa ngokuthe ngqo ukwenza amaqamza anzima.Iingenelo zale ndlela yiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi lokubola (60 ~ 160 ℃), ixesha elifutshane kunye nenani elikhulu le-foam yokubola.
Inkqubo ye-Alcohol phosphorus - i-polyether polyols kunye ne-halogenated phosphate ester njengee-arhente zokubola, iimveliso zokubola ziyi-polyether polyols kunye ne-ammonium phosphate eqinileyo, ukuhlukana lula.
I-Reqra, inkampani yaseJamani yokurisayikilisha, ikhuthaza iteknoloji yokuphinda isetyenziswe inkunkuma ye-polyurethane ebiza ixabiso eliphantsi ukuze kuhlaziywe inkunkuma yezihlangu ze-polyurethane.Kobu buchwephesha bokurisayikilisha, inkunkuma iqale icunyuzwe ibe ngamasuntswana ayi-10mm, ifudunyezwe kwi-reactor kunye ne-dispersant ukuze incibilike, ize ekugqibeleni ibuyiselwe ukuze ifumane iipolyoli ezingamanzi.
Indlela yokubola ye-Phenol-iJapan iya kuchitha i-polyurethane i-foam ethambileyo etyunyuziweyo kwaye ixutywe ne-phenol, ifudunyezwe phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, i-carbamate bond ephukile, idityaniswe neqela le-phenol hydroxyl, kwaye emva koko iphendule nge-formaldehyde ukuvelisa i-phenolic resin, yongeza i-hexamethylenetetramine ukuyiqinisa. ilungiswe ngamandla alungileyo kunye nokuqina, ukumelana nobushushu obugqwesileyo kwimveliso ye-phenolic resin.
I-Pyrolysis - amaqamza athambileyo e-polyurethane anokubola kubushushu obuphezulu phantsi kweemeko ze-aerobic okanye ze-anaerobic ukufumana izinto ezinamafutha, kunye ne-polyols inokufunyanwa ngokwahlula.
Ukubuyisela ubushushu kunye nonyango lokulahla inkunkuma
Ukufumana kwakhona amandla kwinkunkuma ye-polyurethane bubuchwepheshe obunobuhlobo nendalo kwaye buxabiseke kakhulu kuqoqosho.I-American Polyurethane Recycling Board iqhuba umfuniselo apho i-20% yenkunkuma ye-polyurethane foam ethambileyo yongezwa kwisitshisi esiqinileyo senkunkuma.Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba uthuthu olushiyekileyo kunye nokukhutshwayo kwakusengaphakathi kweemfuno ezichaziweyo zokusingqongileyo, kwaye ubushushu obukhutshiweyo emva kokuba ugwebu lwenkunkuma longeziweyo lwasindisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili.EYurophu, amazwe afana neSweden, iSwitzerland, iJamani kunye neDenmark nawo azama ubugcisa obusebenzisa amandla afunyenwe ekutshisweni kwenkunkuma yohlobo lwe-polyurethane ukunika umbane kunye nobushushu bokufudumeza.
Ugwebu lwePolyurethane lunokugutyulwa lube ngumgubo, nokuba lulodwa okanye ngezinye iiplastiki ezilahlwayo, ukuze kuthathelwe indawo umgubo wamalahle ocolekileyo kwaye lutshiswe eziko ukubuyisela amandla obushushu.Ukusebenza kokutsha kwesichumiso se-polyurethane kunokuphuculwa nge-micropowder.
Ukungabikho kweoksijini, ubushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye ne-catalyst, i-polyurethane foams ethambileyo kunye ne-elastomers inokubola ngokushisa ukufumana igesi kunye neemveliso zeoli.I-oyile yokubola okubangelwa yi-thermal iqulethe iipolyols, ezicocwayo kwaye zinokusetyenziswa njenge-feedstock, kodwa zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-oyile yamafutha.Le ndlela ilungele ukurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma exutyiweyo nezinye iiplastiki.Nangona kunjalo, ukubola kwepolymer enenitrogen efana ne-polyurethane foam kunokuthoba i-catalyst.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku le ndlela ayikamkelwa ngokubanzi.
Ekubeni i-polyurethane i-polymer ene-nitrogen, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokubuyisela ukutsha esetyenzisiweyo, iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokutsha kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kwe-nitrogen oxides kunye ne-amines.Iziko lokutsha kufuneka lixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokunyanga igesi yokukhupha.
Isixa esikhulu senkunkuma yogwebu lwe-polyurethane elahlwa ngoku kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma.Olunye ugwebu alunakwenziwa ngokutsha, olufana namagwebu e-polyurethane asetyenziswa njengeebhedi zembewu.Njengezinye iiplastiki, ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zihlala zizinzile kwindawo yendalo, ziya kuqokelela ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye kukho uxinzelelo kwindalo.Ukuze kubole inkunkuma ye-polyurethane yokulahla inkunkuma phantsi kweemeko zendalo, abantu sele beqalisile ukwenza i-biodegradable polyurethane resin.Ngokomzekelo, iimolekyuli ze-polyurethane ziqulethe i-carbohydrates, i-cellulose, i-lignin okanye i-polycaprolactone kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezinokuguquguquka.
Ukurisayikilisha Ukuphumelela
Ngo-2011, abafundi beYunivesithi yaseYale benza izihloko eziphambili xa befumanisa ifungus ebizwa ngokuba yiPestalotiopsis microspora e-Ecuador.Umngundo uyakwazi ukwetyisa nokwaphula iplastiki yepolyurethane, nakwindawo engenamoya (anaerobic), enokuthi iyenze isebenze emazantsi etiphu.
Ngelixa unjingalwazi okhokele ukhenketho lophando walumkisa ngokulindela okuninzi kwizinto ezifunyenweyo kwixesha elifutshane, akukho nto iphikayo isibheno sombono wendlela ekhawulezayo, ecocekileyo, engenamandla kunye nendalo yokulahla inkunkuma yeplastiki. .
Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, umyili uKatharina Unger we-LIVIN Studio usebenzisane nesebe le-microbiology yeYunivesithi yase-Utrecht ukuqalisa iprojekthi ebizwa ngokuba yiFungi Mutarium.
Basebenzise i-mycelium (indawo elinganayo, enesondlo yamakhowa) yamakhowa amabini axhaphakileyo atyiwayo, aquka amakhowa eoyster kunye neschizophylla.Kwisithuba seenyanga ezininzi, umngundo wonakalise ngokupheleleyo inkunkuma yeplastiki ngelixa ikhula ngokwesiqhelo kwipod ye-AGAR etyiwayo.Kuyabonakala ukuba, iplastiki iba lishwamshwam le-mycelium.
Abanye abaphandi nabo bayaqhubeka nokusebenza kulo mba.Ngo-2017, u-Sehroon Khan, isazinzulu kwi-World Agroforestry Centre, kunye neqela lakhe bafumanisa enye i-plastiki-degrading fungus, i-Aspergillus tubingensis, kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma e-Islamabad, ePakistan.
Umngundo ungakhula ngamanani amakhulu kwi-polyester polyurethane kwisithuba seenyanga ezimbini kwaye uyiqhekeze ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci.
Iqela kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois, ekhokelwa nguNjingalwazi uSteven Zimmerman, uye waqulunqa indlela yokudiliza inkunkuma ye-polyurethane kwaye uyiguqule kwezinye iimveliso ezincedo.
Umfundi ophumelele isidanga u-Ephraim Morado unethemba lokusombulula ingxaki yenkunkuma ye-polyurethane ngokuphinda kusetyenziswe iipolima.Nangona kunjalo, ii-polyurethanes zizinzile kakhulu kwaye zenziwe ngezinto ezimbini ekunzima ukuziqhekeza: i-isocyanates kunye ne-polyols.
Iipolyols zingundoqo kuba ziphuma kwipetroleum kwaye azithobi lula.Ukuze ugweme obu bunzima, iqela lamkele iyunithi yekhemikhali ye-acetal echithwa ngokulula kwaye i-soluble yamanzi.Iimveliso zokuthotywa kweepolima ezinyibilikileyo ezine-trichloroacetic acid kunye ne-dichloromethane kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi zingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto ezintsha.Njengobungqina bengcamango, i-Morado iyakwazi ukuguqula ii-elastomers, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo zokupakisha kunye neemoto, zibe zi-adhesives.
Kodwa eyona ntsilelo inkulu yale ndlela entsha yokubuyisela lixabiso kunye nobutyhefu bezinto ezisetyenziswayo ukwenza impendulo.Ngoko ke, abaphandi ngoku bazama ukufumana indlela engcono kunye nexabiso eliphantsi ukufezekisa inkqubo efanayo usebenzisa i-solvent epholileyo (efana neviniga) yokuthotywa.
Ezinye iinzame zamashishini
1. Isicwangciso sophando sePUReSmart
2. Iprojekthi yeFOAM2FOAM
3. I-Tenglong Brilliant: Ukurisayikilishwa kwezixhobo zokugquma i-polyurethane kwizinto zokwakha ezivelayo
4. I-Adidas: Isihlangu sokubaleka esinokuphinda sisetyenziswe
5. USolomon: Ukurisayikilisha iiteki ezipheleleyo zeTPU ukwenza iibhutsi zokutyibiliza
6. I-Cosi: U-Chuang usebenzisana neKomiti ye-Mattress Recycling ukukhuthaza uqoqosho lwesetyhula
7. Inkampani yaseJamani ye-H&S: I-polyurethane igwebu lobuchwephesha be-alcoalysis yokuvelisa iimatrasi zesipontshi
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-30-2023